Leiden University Library
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leiden University Library (Leiden, The Netherlands) is a library founded in 1575 in Leiden, the Netherlands. It is regarded as a significant place in the development of European culture: it is a part of a small number of cultural centres that gave direction to the development and spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment. This was due particularly to the simultaneous presence of a unique collection of exceptional sources and scholars.[1]
Holdings include approximately 3 500 000 volumes, 1 000 000 e-books, 20 000 current serials, 30 000 e-journals, 60 000 Oriental and Western manuscripts, 450 000 letters, 70 000 maps, 100 000 prints, 12 000 drawings and 120 000 photographs.
- "Est hic magna commoditas bibliothecae ut studiosi possint studere"
- "The greatest advantage of the library is that those who want to study, can study."
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History
The 16th-century Dutch Revolt against the Habsburgs created a new country with a new religion. Soon, the need for a seat of higher learning was felt and in 1575 Leiden University was founded with the spoils from a confiscated Catholic monastery nearby.
At the time the university was founded, it was immediately determined that a library in the vicinity of lecture halls was an absolute necessity. The library's first book was the Polyglot Bible, printed by Christoffel Plantijn, a gift of William of Orange to the library in 1575. The presentation of this book is regarded as the base on which the library is built (fundamentum locans futurae aliquando bibliothecae). The library became operational in the vault of the current Academy building at Rapenburg on 31 October 1587.
In 1595 the Nomenclator appeared, the first catalogue of Leiden University Library as well as the first printed catalogue of an institutional library in the world. The publication of the catalogue coincided with the opening of the new library on the upper floor of the Faliede Bagijnkerk (now Rapenburg 70) next to the Theatrum Anatomicum.
In 1864 the copy for the complete alphabetical catalogue of the library in Leiden from 1575 to 1860 was finished; it was never to appear in print. Readers were able to consult alphabetical and systematic registers of the Leiden library in the form of bound catalogue cards, known as Leidse boekjes. This remained the cataloguing system for the library until 1963.
The 22nd Librarian of Leiden University, Johan Remmes de Groot took the initiative for the Dutch library automation endeavor PICA (Project Integrated Catalogue Automation). Pica was started up in 1969 and was bought by OCLC in 2000. The first automation project in Leiden started in 1976, produced 400,000 titles via the Dutch PICA-GGC and resulted within a few years in a catalog on microfiche, which partly replaced the famous Leiden booklets catalogue.
In 1983 the library moved to its present location on Witte Singel in a new building by architect Bart van Kasteel. The first online catalogue became available in 1988.
According to Nicholas A. Basbanes, Leiden University Library represents "an essential benchmark [...] not only for the teeming collection of extraordinary materials it has scrupulously gathered and maintained over a sustained period of time, but most of all for being the world's first scholarly library in a truly modern sense. The litany of 'firsts' recorded at Leiden is dazzling - the first printed catalogue to be prepared by an institution of its holdings, the first attempt to identify and maintain what today are known as 'special collections,' the first systematic attempt to develop a corps of influential friends, patrons, and benefactors throughout the world, the first 'universal' library, the list goes on and on - and underpinning it all is a humanistic approach to education and discovery that has figured prominently throughout its history, along with an unbending belief in the limitless potential of human inquiry."
Leiden University Library today
Leiden University Library focuses on the complete information chain. The library facilitates not only access to (published) information but increasingly supports the evaluation, use, production and dissemination of scholarly information. To accomplish this the library’s activities range from supporting education in information literacy to serving as an expert center for digital publishing. The University Library aims to function as the scholarly information manager of Leiden University.[2]
Leiden’s Digital Library[3] makes available a considerable array of digital scholarly information: more than 400 databases, >30.000 e-journals, >5.000 newspapers and newsmagazines, >1.000.000 e-books and reference works. The Digital Library is available world-wide to Leiden University students and staff.
The special collections and archives of Leiden University (see below) are increasingly made available through the library’s Digital Special Collections[4] environment.
The library makes all doctoral dissertations available online through the Leiden University Digital Repository[5] that functions according to the open access principles. Furthermore, publications from Leiden researchers are increasingly made available through the same repository. Thanks to the use of international standards, among others the Open Archives Initiative, the repository is visited daily by general and specialized search engines that harvest and index this information. The library also support authors from Leiden University through its Copyright Information Office.[6]
In 2007 the library started with an ambitious program to renew and renovate its facilities: wireless access became available throughout the library in December 2007, in March 2008 the completely renovated Special Collections Reading Room Dousa was reopened, in June 2008 the fire protection systems installed in the closed stacks and the vaults of the library were taken into use, and in December 2008 library patrons were able to make use of the new facilities created in the renovated Information Centre Huygens.
Leiden University Library works together with other organizations nationally and internationally on innovation projects in this area. The library participates in the DAREnet[7] project (concluded) and in projects financed by the European Union such as DRIVER-II[8] and OAPEN.[9]
Special Collections
Western Manuscripts
The collection Western Manuscripts contains all western manuscripts (including 2,500 medieval manuscripts and fragments and 25,000 modern manuscripts), 300 000 letters, archives and 3,000 annotated prints of the University Library, including the archives of the University.
Western Printed Works
The collection Western Printed Works contains materials printed before 1801 (including 700 incunabula) and rare and precious works from after 1801. In the course of four centuries the collection has been expanded through bequests, gifts and acquisitions of collections from scholars. Furthermore, the University Library obtained the deposit right for a copy of each book for which the States of Holland had given the privilege to print. The collection also includes more than 100 000 printed works from the Library of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde which has been deposited on permanent loan since 1876.
Bodel Nijenhuis Collection
The Bodel Nijenhuis Collection contains mainly old maps, atlasses, topographical prints and drawings. Most of the collection was obtained as a bequest from J.T. Bodel Nijenhuis. The lawyer Johannes Tiberius Bodel Nijenhuis (1797-1872), director of the publishing house Luchtmans, for 25 years a member of the Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, was a passionate collector of cartographical and topographical material.
The collection contains 60 000 maps (of which 3 000 drawings), 1 500 atlasses, 24 000 topographical prints, 1 600 drawings and the archive of Youssouf Kamal's Monumenta Cartographica Africae et Aegypti.
Oriental Collections
From its very onset the study of the Orient was of vital importance to the new university. Theologians studied the Semitic languages to perceive the meaning of the Bible. Political and commercial interests prompted the new-born Dutch Republic to establish relations with its enemies' enemies, among whom the Ottoman Empire, then at the zenith of its power. In the course of its expansionist policy the Dutch Republic secured possession of the Indonesian archipelago and other territories in South East Asia. In Japan, Dutch merchants maintained a trading post to the exclusion of all other European powers.
In the course of four centuries countless manuscripts, printed books and photographs on the Orient and Oriental Studies have found their way to the library of Leiden University. Oriental Studies are still flourishing at Leiden University, and the Oriental Collections are still growing to serve the needs of the national and international scholarly community.
The Oriental Collections of Leiden University Library are known as the Legatum Warnerianum (Warner's Legacy), referring to Levinus Warner (1619-1665), envoy to the Sublime Porte at Constantinople, whose collection of 1,000 Middle Eastern manuscripts forms the core of the present-day Oriental Collections.
The Oriental Collections nowadays contain 30 000 manuscripts and 200 000 printed books on subjects ranging from Archaeology to Zoroastrianism and in languages from Arabic to Zulu.
Bibliotheca Thysiana
The Bibliotheca Thysiana was erected in 1655 to house the book collection of the lawyer Joannes Thysius (1622-1653). Upon his early death, he left a legacy of 20,000 guilders for the building of a public library ("tot publycque dienst der studie") with a custodian’s dwelling. Designed by the architect Arent van ‘s-Gravensande, the building follows the Dutch Classical style and is regarded as one of the jewels of Dutch 17th century architecture. It is distinguished by its balanced proportions and the purity of its Ionic order on top of a high basement.
The Bibliotheca Thysiana is the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library. It is quite extraordinary that a complete private 17th century library has been preserved and thus offers a good impression of the book collection of a young, learned bibliophile from the period of late Humanism. The collection contains about 2,500 books and thousands of pamphlets in all scientific fields.
Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde
Otherwise known as the MNL, the Dutch Society of Letters[10] was founded in Leiden in 1766 to promote the study of Dutch historical linguistic subjects. This society joined the Leiden University Library in 1876, and since 1999 forms the basis of the DBNL - the digital online library of the Dutch Language, an initiative for a free public reference website[11] ). The society had regular meetings in Leiden on literary subjects, but also on scientific subjects. It became fashionable for the elite to become members, and many were also members of the Dutch Society of Science (Maatschappij der Wetenschappen), a similar society for the study of scientific subjects founded in Haarlem in 1752. Both societies still hold contests and award prizes for achievement.
Print Room
Founded in 1822, the Print Room possesses art works from the sixteenth century until the present day. Whether you are interested in mythological scenes from the Italian Renaissance, daguerreotypes, the largest collection of portraits in the Netherlands, stereophotography or Dutch landscapes by Rembrandt and his pupils, the Print Room has them. The holdings presently amount to some 12,000 drawings, around 100,000 prints and some 80,000 photographs, with an emphasis on Dutch art. Amongst the drawings and prints you will find works by famous Dutch artists like Goltzius, Visscher, Rembrandt, Troost, Maris, Toorop, and Veldhoen, but prominent artists from other European Schools, like Hogarth, Callot, Canaletto, and Dürer are also present with specimens up to 1900. The photography collection spreads from its earliest history to the present day and boasts examples of virtually every Dutch photographer, from anonymous nineteenth-century pioneers through Piet Zwart and Paul Citroen to Ed van der Elsken and Johan van der Keuken.
Scaliger Institute
The Scaliger Institute, founded in 2000, aims to stimulate and facilitate the use of the special collections in both teaching and research. For this purpose, the Institute offers favourable working conditions and expertise, organizes lectures, symposia, master classes, and special courses, and provides scholarships to junior and senior scholars from the Netherlands and elsewhere who wish to work in Leiden for a longer period.
The institute was named after Josephus Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), Leiden's most renowned scholar during the early years of its existence and a great benefactor of the University Library through the donation, at his death, of his exceptional collection of manuscripts and all his oriental books.
Specific information
- Areas of concentration: archaeology, anthropology, art, astronomy, cartography, classics, education, history, law, literature, medicine, Orientalism, papyrology, philosophy, politics, publishing, religion, science.
- Some individual collections: D. Bierens de Haan, T. Bodel Nijenhuis, G.J.P.J Bolland, J. Golius, A.P.H. Hotz, J. Huizinga, Constantijn and Christiaen Huygens, F. Kellendonk, Justus Lipsius, P. Marchand, E.M. Meijers, K.H. Miskotte, J. Oort, V. Perelešin, M. Rijke, J.J. Scaliger, C. Snouck Hourgronje, C.P. Tiele, H.N. van der Tuuk, I. Vossius, L. Warner, N. van Wijk.
- Some institutional collections: Bohn Publishers, Sijthoff Publishers, Bibliothèque Wallonne, NHK (Dutch Reformed Church), Seminarium Remonstrantum, photographs Indonesia, ISIM (Islam), Zaken Overzee (Netherlands Ministry of Overseas Affairs).
Librarians of Leiden University
Since the founding of the university in 1575 there have been 25 Librarians of Leiden University:
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Locations of Leiden University Library
1587-1595: Academiegebouw, Rapenburg 73, Leiden.
1595-1983: Faliede Bagijnkerk, Old University Library, now: University Board, Rapenburg 70, Leiden.
1983-present: Leiden University Library, Witte Singel 27, Leiden. Architect: Bart van Kasteel.
Leiden University Library in fiction
- Dutch author Frans Kellendonk (1951-1990) located his novel Letter en Geest. Een spookverhaal. (1982) in Leiden University Library. The main character in the novel Frits Mandaat replaces a sick colleague in the library. Kellendonk worked briefly in 1979 as a subject specialist for English literature at Leiden University Library.[12]
References
- ^ Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck. Magna commoditas : geschiedenis van de Leidse universiteitsbibliotheek 1575-2000, p.240.
- ^ Voor onderwijs & onderzoek. Beleidsplan wetenschappelijke informatie & bibliotheekvoorzieningen Universiteit Leiden. p.14 [1].
- ^ "Digital Library". Digitallibrary.leiden.edu. http://digitallibrary.leiden.edu. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Digital Special Collections". Disc.leiden.edu. http://disc.leiden.edu. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ Leiden University Digital Repository
- ^ Copyright Information Office: [2].
- ^ "NARCIS". Darenet.nl. http://www.darenet.nl. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "DRIVER | Home". Driver-repository.eu. http://www.driver-repository.eu/. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "OAPEN: Open Access Publishing in European Networks". Oapen.org. http://www.oapen.org. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde". Maatschappijdernederlandseletterkunde.nl. http://www.maatschappijdernederlandseletterkunde.nl. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ "dbnl · digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren". Dbnl.org. http://www.dbnl.org. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ Information about Frans Kellendonk (in Dutch)
Bibliography
- Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck. Magna commoditas : geschiedenis van de Leidse universiteitsbibliotheek 1575-2000. Leiden : Primavera Pers, 2001. ISBN 90-74310-71-0
- Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck. Magna commoditas : a history of Leiden University Library, 1575-2005. Leiden : Primavera Pers, 2004. ISBN 90-5997-005-5
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